The income approach to valuation is used ______.

The income approach to valuation is used for some single-family houses and two- to four-family units because this method evaluates a property's value based on the income it generates. In residential properties, especially those that can be rented out, such as single-family homes or small multi-family units, the rental income can be a critical factor in determining value.

This approach involves estimating potential gross income, then adjusting for vacancy and operational expenses to arrive at net operating income. By capitalizing this income using an appropriate capitalization rate, appraisers can derive a value that reflects the property's potential to generate returns for an investor.

While the income approach is predominantly associated with commercial properties, its applicability extends to residential properties that serve as investments, particularly in a market where rental income plays a significant role in property valuation. Therefore, it is not limited to commercial use alone, nor is it exclusive to vacant land or new construction.